Background: Currently, many researchers focus their work on the effects of bionanoparticles inside the tumor during proton therapy. Indeed, these bio-nanoparticles enhance the absorbed dose especially if they have been settled at the Bragg peak zone. The main goal of this study is to give a new technique that improves and facilitates the clinical protocol during proton therapy for brain tumors by adding nanoparticles to the tumor and using a rotary accelerator with high energy (200 MeV). Materials and Methods: With the use of the Monte Carlo Geant4 code, we simulated a proton therapy of a tumor located in the center of a human head containing bionanoparticles. The proton beam energy was chosen large enough to avoid having Bragg's peak at head level. Results: The results revealed that there was an optimization in the deposited energy at the tumor, at the same time the deposited energy at healthy tissue was less compared to ordinary proton therapy. It also showed that the platinum is the most effective bio-nanoparticles used in this work. Conclusion: The addition of bio-nanoparticles to tumors and the use of a high-energy (200 MeV) rotary accelerator improve and facilitate proton therapy. This new technique allows the direction angle of the proton beam to be changed regardless of the position of the tumor, making it effective against moving tumors and preserving healthy tissue. In addition, the dose deposited in the tumor can be increased just by pivoting the head of the accelerator around the organ.

Background: The purpose of this paper is to establish an easy and reliable biodosimeter protocol to evaluate the biological effects of proton beams.Materials and Methods: Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated using proton beams (LET: 34.6 keV mm-1), and the chromosome aberrations induced were analyzed using cytokinesis-blocked (CB) micronucleus (MN) assay. To determine the efficiency of MN assay in estimating the doses received by 50MeV proton beams and to monitor predicted dose of victims in accidental exposure, here we have evaluated the performance of MN analysis in a simulated situation after exposure with proton beams. Peripheral lymphocytes were irradiated by 50MeV proton beams up to 6Gy and analyzed by Giemsa staining of CB MN assay.Results: The detected MN was found to be a significant dose-effect curve in the manner of dose-dependent increase after exposure with proton beams in vitro. When plotting on a linear scale against radiation dose, the line of best fit was Y=0.004+(1.882x10-2±9.701x10-5) D+(1.43x10-3±1.571x10-5) D2. Our results show a trend towards increase of the number of MN with increasing dose. It was linear-quadratic and has a significant relationship between the frequencies of MN and dose (R2=0.9996). The number of MN in lymphocyte that was observed in control group is 5.202±0.04/cell.Conclusion: Hence, this simple protocol will be particularly useful for helping physicians to decide medical therapy for the initial treatment of victims with rapid and precise dose estimation after accidental radiation exposure. Also it has potential for use as a valuable biomarker to evaluate the biological effectiveness for cancer therapy with proton beams.

Background: Various factors effecting deposited energy and dose enhancement ratio (DER) in the simplified model of cell caused by the interaction of a cluster of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with electron beams were assessed, and the results were compared with other sources through Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. Method: The effect of added GNPs on the DNA strand breaks level, irradiated to electron, proton, and alpha beams, is assessed. Results: Presence of GNPs in the cell makes DER value more pronounced for low-energy photons rather than electron beam. Moreover, the results of DER values did not show any significant increase in absorbed dose in the presence of GNP for proton and alpha beam. Moreover, the results of DNA break with GNPs for proton and alpha beam were negligible. It is demonstrated that as the sizes of the GNPs increase, the DER is enlarged until a certain size for 40 keV photons, while there is no striking change for 50 keV electron beam when the size of the GNPs changes. The results indicate that although energy deposited in the cell for electron beam is more than low-energy photon, DER values are low compared to photon. Conclusion: Larger GNPs do not show any preference over smaller ones when irradiated through electron beams. It is proved that GNPs do not significantly increase single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks during electron irradiation, while there exists a direct relationship between SSB and energy.

Plastic hinge properties play a crucial role in predicting the nonlinear response of structural elements. The plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete normal beams has been previously studied experimentally and analytically. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete deep beams and its comparison with normal beams through finite element simulation. To do so, ten beams contain six deep beams, and four normal beams, under concentrated and uniformly distributed loading, are investigated. Lengths in the plastic hinge region involving curvature localization, rebar yielding, and concrete crushing zones are studied. The results indicate that the curvature localization zone is not suitable for the prediction of plastic hinge length in reinforced concrete deep beams. Based on the results it can be stated that in simply supported normal beams the concrete crushing zone is focused on the middle span, but in simply supported deep beams by creating a compression strut between loading place and support, the concrete crushing zone spreads along the compression trajectory. The rebar yielding zone of simply supported beams increases as the loading type is changed from the concentrated load at the middle to the uniformly distributed load.

One of the most important methods for dosimetry of ionizing radiation is the use of laser holographic interferometry calorimeters. The temperature increase caused by ionizing radiation depends on the delivered energy, the specific heat capacity of the material, and the mass used as the phantom material in the calorimeter. Among the factors that significantly impact the accuracy of various nuclear radiation calorimeters is the phenomenon of heat transfer in the absorbing material, which forms the core of ionizing radiation interferometry calorimeters. This phenomenon directly affects the measurement of the absorbed dose. In this study, a model has been developed for post-processing the images captured by the camera system of the holographic interferometry calorimeter with a water core exposed to vertical and horizontal irradiation by electron and proton beams.

The elementary reaction of kaon exclusive electroproduction on protons has been studied in a broad kinematical range. Data for the calculation of the form factor of the kaon have been taken at different values of the invariant center of mass energy W in the range W=1.8, 1.85, 1.98, 2.08 (GeV), for one value of the transferred 4-momentum Q2=2.35 (GeV/c)2. In this analysis, we calculated σL and σT by using the Rosenbluth separation. Then the electromagnetic kaon form factor was calculated by Chew- Low extrapolation.

In this study, the exclusive measurement of charged pions are reported in the proton-proton collisions, in them, protons are not broken. This measurement is performed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector collected at a center-of-mass energy of =7 TeV and with an integrated luminosity of 450  b-1. The dipion cross section is measured for single-pion transverse momentum pT > 0. 2 GeV/c and rapidity |y| < 2, is 20. 5  0. 3 (stat)  3. 1 (syst)  0. 8 (lumi)  b. Besides, the differential cross sections as a function of  +-invariant mass are compared to phenomenological predictions.

The existing C-30 cyclotron at NRCAM is currently capable of emitting a proton beam with only Emax=30 MeV. To improve this Emax to higher energies of 250 MeV for proton therapy, this beam is injected into the conceptually designed Medical Proton Synchrotron accelerator. Prior to injection, the beam emittances in both x- and y-directions were measured to be exx=1.76x10-5 m.rad and ey= 5.64x10-5 m.rad. The obtained extracted Twiss parameters at the point of injection were; ax=-1.28, bx=12.7, gx=0.21, ay=-0.55, by=3.28, and gy=0.10. The AGILE computer program code was utilized for the lattice design of the Medical Proton Synchrotron. This design is composed of two achromatic arcs. Each arc bends 180o and has a closed dispersion bump. The designed lattice is composed of eight cells each consisting of two Quadrupoles, one Sextupole and two Dipole magnets. The extraction components of sextupole resonance (SR), electrostatic septum (ES) and magnetic septum (MS) were also placed in the designed lattice. The beta functions, as the main parameters of the lattice, have been chosen to meet requirements of the slow extraction. The working point (Qx, Qy) for adjusting the slow extraction were 1.33 and 2.62, respectively. The Hardt condition was met by minimizing the angular dispersion of the separatists corresponding to a different energy spread. The slow extraction of the accelerated particles was also analyzed. The calculation of the slow extraction is performed using the AGILE program. The obtained lattice Twiss parameters of the focusing structure are also presented.